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In the previous article, we learned how to create database queries using Spring Data JPA @NamedQuery and @NamedQueries annotations.

In this article, we will learn how to create database queries using @NamedNativeQuery and @NamedNativeQueries annotations. These annotations let you define the query in native SQL by losing the database platform independence.

Let's develop a complete example to demonstrate the usage of @NamedNativeQuery and @NamedNativeQueries using the Spring Boot application which quickly bootstraps with autoconfiguration.

Create Spring Boot Project

There are many ways to create a Spring Boot application. You can refer below articles to create a Spring Boot application.

>> Create Spring Boot Project With Spring Initializer
>> Create Spring Boot Project in Spring Tool Suite [STS]

The pom.xml File

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project
    xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>net.guides.springboot2</groupId>
    <artifactId>springboot-testing-examples</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>springboot-testing-examples</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>3.0.4</version>
        <relativePath/>
        <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>17</java.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

The Spring Boot Maven plugin provides many convenient features:

It collects all the jars on the classpath and builds a single, runnable "über-jar", which makes it more convenient to execute and transport your service.
It searches for the public static void main() method to flag as a runnable class.
It provides a built-in dependency resolver that sets the version number to match Spring Boot dependencies. You can override any version you wish, but it will default to Boot’s chosen set of versions.

JPA Entity - User.java

In this example, we store User objects, annotated as a JPA entity.

import java.util.Date;

import jakarta.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
@NamedNativeQuery(name = "User.findByEmailAddress", query = "select * from users where email_address = ?1", resultClass = User.class)
@NamedNativeQueries(value = {
  @NamedNativeQuery(name = "User.findByLastname", query = "select * from users where lastname = ?1", resultClass = User.class) })
public class User {
    private long id;
    private String firstname;
    private String lastname;
    private Date startDate;
    private String emailAddress;
    private int age;
    private int active;

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
    public long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getFirstname() {
        return firstname;
    }

    public void setFirstname(String firstname) {
        this.firstname = firstname;
    }

    public String getLastname() {
        return lastname;
    }

    public void setLastname(String lastname) {
        this.lastname = lastname;
    }

    public Date getStartDate() {
        return startDate;
    }

    public void setStartDate(Date startDate) {
        this.startDate = startDate;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public int getActive() {
        return active;
    }

    public void setActive(int active) {
        this.active = active;
    }

    public String getEmailAddress() {
        return emailAddress;
    }

    public void setEmailAddress(String emailAddress) {
        this.emailAddress = emailAddress;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User [id=" + id + ", firstname=" + firstname + ", lastname=" + lastname + ", startDate=" + startDate +
            ", emailAddress=" + emailAddress + ", age=" + age + ", active=" + active + "]";
    }
}

The User class is annotated with @Entity, indicating that it is a JPA entity.
The User’s id property is annotated with @Id so that JPA will recognize it as the object’s ID. The id property is also annotated with @GeneratedValue to indicate that the ID should be generated automatically.

@NamedNativeQuery

Specifies a named native SQL query. Query names are scoped to the persistence unit. The NamedNativeQuery annotation can be applied to an entity or mapped superclass.

@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
@NamedNativeQuery(name = "User.findByEmailAddress", query = "select * from users where email_address = ?1", resultClass = User.class)
public class User {
}

@NamedNativeQueries

Used to specify multiple native SQL-named queries. Query names are scoped to the persistence unit. The NamedNativeQueries annotation can be applied to an entity or mapped superclass.

@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
@NamedNativeQueries(value = {
  @NamedNativeQuery(name = "User.findByLastname", query = "select * from users where lastname = ?1", resultClass = User.class) })
public class User {
}

Spring Data JPA Repository - UserRepository.java

package net.guides.springboot2.springboottestingexamples.repository;

import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import net.guides.springboot2.springboottestingexamples.model.User;

/**
 * UserRepository demonstrates the method name query generation.
 * 
 * @author Ramesh Fadatare
 *
 */
@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository < User, Long > {
    User findByEmailAddress(String emailAddress);

    List <User> findByLastname(String lastname);
}

Create an Application class

Here you create an Application class with all the components.

package net.guides.springboot2.springboottestingexamples;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

import net.guides.springboot2.springboottestingexamples.model.User;
import net.guides.springboot2.springboottestingexamples.repository.UserRepository;

@SpringBootApplication
public class Application implements CommandLineRunner {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }

    @Override
    public void run(String...args) throws Exception {
        User user = new User();
        user.setActive(1);
        user.setAge(28);
        user.setEmailAddress("ramesh24@gmail.com");
        user.setFirstname("Ramesh");
        user.setLastname("Fadatare");
        user.setStartDate(new Date());
        user = userRepository.save(user);

        System.out.println("-------------------------------------:: " + user.getId());

        System.out.println(" ---------------@NamedNativeQuery ---------------------");
        System.out.println("--------------findByEmailAddress -----------------");

        User user2 = userRepository.findByEmailAddress("ramesh24@gmail.com");
        System.out.println(user2.toString());

        System.out.println(" ---------------@NamedNativeQueries ---------------------");
        System.out.println("--------------findByLastname -----------------");

        List < User > user3 = userRepository.findByLastname("Fadatare");
        System.out.println(user3.get(0).toString());
    }
}

Note that we have used UserRepository methods to demonstrate @NamedNativeQuery and @NamedNativeQueries annotations.

Running Application

We are using Maven so we can run the application using ./mvnw spring-boot:run. Or you can build the JAR file with ./mvnw clean package. Then you can run the JAR file:

java -jar target/spring-data-jpa-example-0.1.0.jar

Output

The source code of this article available on my GitHub repository - https://github.com/RameshMF/spring-data-jpa-tutorial

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Spring Data JPA @NamedNativeQuery and @NamedNativeQueries Example